Which outcome results if toddlers are not allowed sufficient autonomy?

• A. Shame and Doubt
• B. Industry
• C. Trust
• D. Identity

Answer: (A)

The main concept tested is Erikson’s stage of autonomy vs. shame and doubt, which happens in toddlerhood as children begin to act independently. When toddlers aren’t allowed sufficient autonomy, they miss the opportunity to experience success in self-directed tasks, which can lead to feelings of shame about their abilities and doubt in their own competence. They may become hesitant to try new things, rely heavily on others to make decisions, or withdraw from challenges because they fear failure. Supporting autonomy—offering safe choices, encouraging self-help efforts, and praising attempts—helps the child develop a healthy sense of will and confidence. In infancy, trust is built through reliable care; industry comes with mastering skills in early childhood; identity develops during adolescence.